Tempe (/t?m?pi?/ tem-PEE';^[4] Oidba? in O'odham), also known as Hayden's Ferry during the territorial times of Arizona, is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, with the Census Bureau reporting a 2017 population of 185,038.^[3] The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece. Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west, Scottsdale on the north, Chandler on the south, and Mesa on the east. Tempe is also the location of the main campus of Arizona State University.

History[edit]

Tempe between 1870 and 1880.

The Hohokam lived in this area and built canals to support their agriculture. They abandoned their settlements during the 15th century, with a few individuals and families remaining nearby.

Fort McDowell was established approximately 25 mi (40 km) northeast of present downtown Tempe on the upper Salt River in 1865 allowing for new towns to be built farther down the Salt River. US military service members and Hispanic workers were hired to grow food and animal feed to supply the fort, and less than a year later, had set up small camps near the river that were the first permanent communities in the Valley after the fall of the Hohokam. (Phoenix was settled shortly afterward, by 1867–68.) The two settlements were 'Hayden's Ferry', named after a ferry service operated by Charles T. Hayden, and 'San Pablo', and were located west and east of Hayden Butte respectively. The ferry became the key river crossing in the area. The Tempe Irrigating Canal Company was soon established by William Kirkland and James McKinney to provide water for alfalfa, wheat, barley, oats, and cotton.

Pioneer Darrell Duppa is credited with suggesting Tempe's name, adopted in 1879, after comparing the Salt River valley near a 300-foot (91 m)-tall butte, to the Vale of Tempe near Mount Olympus in Greece.^[5]

In 1885, the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature chose Tempe for the site of the Territorial Normal School, which became Arizona Normal School, Arizona State Teachers College, Arizona State College and finally Arizona State University.

The Maricopa and Phoenix Railroad, built in 1887, crossed the Salt River at Tempe, linking the town to the nation's growing transportation system. The Tempe Land and Improvement Company was formed to sell lots in the booming town. Tempe became an economic hub for the surrounding agricultural area. The city incorporated in 1894.

The completion of Roosevelt Dam in 1911 guaranteed enough water to meet the growing needs of Valley farmers. On his way to dedicate the dam, former President Theodore Roosevelt applauded the accomplishments of the people of central Arizona and predicted that their towns would be prosperous cities in the future. Less than a year later, Arizona was admitted as the 48th state, and the Salt River Valley continued to develop.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Tempe has expanded as a suburb of Phoenix, and as a center of education and commerce.

Geography[edit]

Tempe is an inner suburb, located between the core city of Phoenix and the rest of the East Valley. Due to this as well as being the home of the main campus of Arizona State University, Tempe has a fairly dense, urbanized development pattern in the northern part of the city with a growing skyline. Going south, development becomes less dense, consisting of single-family homes, strip malls and lower-density office parks.

Within Tempe are the Tempe Buttes. The Salt River runs west through the northern part of Tempe; part of the river is dammed in two places to create Tempe Town Lake.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the landlocked city has a total area of 40.2 square miles (104 km²). The city of Tempe is bordered by Mesa to the east, Scottsdale to the north, Phoenix and Guadalupe to the west, and Chandler to the south. 40.1 square miles (104 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km²) of it is water. The total area is 0.32% water including Tempe Town Lake.

Tempe is generally flat, except for Hayden Butte (generally known as A-Mountain for Arizona State University's "A" logo located on its south face), located next to Sun Devil Stadium, Twin Buttes and Bell Butte on the western edge of Tempe, and Papago Park northwest of Tempe, inside Phoenix. Elevation ranges from 1,140 feet (350 m) at Tempe Town Lake to 1,495 feet (456 m) atop Hayden Butte.

Tempe cityscape from Tempe Town Lake

Climate[edit]

hideClimate data for Tempe, Arizona
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °F (°C)	69 (21)	73 (23)	78 (26)	86 (30)	95 (35)	103 (39)	105 (41)	103 (39)	100 (38)	89 (32)	78 (26)	68 (20)	87 (31)
Average low °F (°C)	39 (4)	42 (6)	46 (8)	52 (11)	60 (16)	68 (20)	75 (24)	75 (24)	68 (20)	56 (13)	45 (7)	38 (3)	55 (13)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	1.08 (27.4)	1.20 (30.5)	1.11 (28.2)	0.28 (7.1)	0.14 (3.6)	0.03 (0.8)	1.06 (26.9)	1.36 (34.5)	0.68 (17.3)	0.64 (16.3)	0.69 (17.5)	1.10 (27.9)	9.37 (238)
Source: The Weather Channel^[6]

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1880	135		—
1890	897		564.4%
1900	885		−1.3%
1910	1,473		66.4%
1920	1,963		33.3%
1930	2,495		27.1%
1940	2,906		16.5%
1950	7,684		164.4%
1960	24,897		224.0%
1970	63,550		155.3%
1980	106,919		68.2%
1990	141,865		32.7%
2000	158,945		12.0%
2010	161,719		1.7%
Est. 2017	185,038	^[3]	14.4%

Downtown Tempe from Hayden Butte.

As of the 2010 census, there were 161,719 people, 63,602 households, and 33,645 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,959.4 people per square mile (1,528.8/km²). There were 67,068 housing units at an average density of 1,674.1 per square mile (646.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 77.51% White, 3.66% Black or African American, 2.01% Native American, 4.75% Asian, 0.29% Pacific Islander, 8.49% from other races, and 3.30% from two or more races. 17.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latinoof any race.

There were 63,602 households out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the city, the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 21.3% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,361, and the median income for a family was $55,237. Males had a median income of $36,406 versus $28,605 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,406. About 7.5% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy[edit]

Hayden Ferry Lakeside development on the north end of Downtown Tempe

Tempe is the headquarters and executive office of one Fortune 500 company: Insight Enterprises. Limelight Networks,^[7] LifeLock,^[8] First Solar,^[9]^[10] the Salt River Project, Circle K, Fulton Homes and Mobile Mini are also headquartered in Tempe. Cold Stone Creamery was originally headquartered in Tempe and location #0001 is still in operation today at 3330 S McClintock Drive in Tempe. Tempe is also home to the first and largest campus of Arizona State University. It was the longtime host of the Fiesta Bowl, although the BCSgame moved to University of Phoenix Stadium, located in Glendale, in 2007. It then began hosting the Insight Bowl which is now known as the Cactus Bowl. Currently, there is no bowl game in Tempe because of renovations to Sun Devil Stadium. Edward Jones Investments has a regional headquarters in Tempe.^[11]

Tempe houses several great performance venues including Gammage Auditorium and the Tempe Center for the Arts.

Tempe Town Lake is home to many national and international events, such as Ironman Arizona and Rock n Roll Marathon. Gammage Auditorium was also the site of one of the three Presidential debates in 2004, and Super Bowl XXX was played at Sun Devil Stadium. Additionally, Tempe is the spring training host city of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

One of Arizona's largest shopping malls, Arizona Mills, sits near the border with the town of Guadalupe. The city also serves as the first Arizona IKEA branch location, also near the southern boundary. Tempe Marketplace a large open air mall featuring live music and water and laser shows is located just southeast of Tempe Town Lake. Tempe can boast an array of wholesalers and manufacturers. Mill Avenue, located just west of Hayden Butte, is a shopping and entertainment area in the city popular with pedestrians and students. With the completion of Tempe Town Lake, commercial and high-rise development along the reservoir quickly transformed the cityscape of Mill Avenue and the skyline of downtown Tempe. Many gourmet foods are made in Tempe, such as Decio Pasta, Sting and Linger Salsa, Cartel Coffee, Four Peaks Brewery Beer and much more. Tempe is now produces more blue-veined cheese than anywhere else in the country other than Wisconsin, thanks to Arizona Cheese Company. Visit www/tempe.gov/MadeinTempe

Top employers[edit]

State Farm is among the top employers in Tempe, with a regional campus along Tempe Town Lake. According to Tempe's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[12] the top employers in the city are:

#	Employer	# of Employees
1	Arizona State University	8,818
2	State Farm	8,500
3	Wells Fargo	3,300
4	US Airways	2,537
5	SRP	2,236
6	ABM Industries	2,000
7	JP Morgan Chase	1,958
8	City of Tempe	1,824
9	Honeywell	1,658
10	Tempe Elementary School District#3	1,619

Arts and culture[edit]

The Public Art program coordinates artists with building designers to install permanent and temporary public art projects. Since 1988, more than 50 projects have been commissioned by the Tempe's Cultural Services Division. The Art in Private Development ordinance of 1991 has helped add more than 60 privately owned pieces of art to the city, accessible by the public.^[13]

Performing arts[edit]

Tempe enjoyed a thriving alternative music scene throughout the 1980s and '90s, producing such acts as the Gin Blossoms, Meat Puppets, Dead Hot Workshop, The Refreshments, Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers, Hans Olson, and The Maine.

Public libraries[edit]

Tempe Public Library serves Tempe. The children's library is now 18,816 square feet large.^[14]

Tourism[edit]

Many of the reasons people visit Tempe are places and events, such as P.F. Chang's Rock 'n' Roll Arizona Marathon & 1/2 Marathon, Tempe Marketplace, Arizona Mills, Mill Avenue, and Tempe Town Lake.^[15] Downtown Tempe offers more than 175 restaurants, nightclubs and retail shops to cater to city guests.^[16]

Mill Ave is a famous Arizona bar district here containing several bars and restaurants that cater to the growing university crowd. Along with bars and restaurants are business complexes and university buildings. Several longtime bar establishments include Mill Ave Cue Club and Rula Bula Irish Pub.

The Tempe Tourism Office, located on Mill Avenue's downtown district, provides maps and additional information about hotels and upcoming city events.^[17]

Historic properties[edit]

There are numerous properties in the city of Tempe which are considered to be historical and have been included either in the National Register of Historic Places.^[18]

Sports[edit]

Sun Devil Stadium

Tempe Diablo Stadium

There are currently no major league professional sports teams playing in Tempe. However, from 1988 to 2006, Sun Devil Stadium hosted the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League. They have since moved to the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale for games, but maintain their headquarters and training facility in Tempe. Many residents follow the teams in nearby Phoenix and Glendale. (For more information, read the sports section on the Phoenix page)^[19]

The Arizona State University Sun Devils compete in football, basketball, baseball, as well as a number of other sports in the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA. The Sun Devils football team plays their games at Sun Devil Stadium. Their nearest rival is the University of Arizona Wildcats, in Tucson. The two teams compete in the "Duel in the Desert" for control of the Territorial Cup. The Sun Devil Stadium had hosted the annual Fiesta Bowl, until the 2007 game moved to the new University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale.

The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim have their spring training at Tempe Diablo Stadium. Tempe Diablo Stadium was built in 1968 and holds 9,785 people. The Angels moved here in 1993 from Palm Springs, California.

Rugby union is a developing sport in Tempe as well as in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The multiple clubs, ranging from men's and women's clubs to collegiate and Under 19, are part of the Arizona Rugby Union.^[20] Notable clubs are Arizona State University Rugby Football Club and the Tempe "Old Devils" Rugby Club.^[21]

Parks and recreation[edit]

Tempe is home to many outdoor activities. Tempe Town Lake is a publicly accessible lake that is run by City of Tempe. The lake provides recreation activities to residents and tourists, but also helps protect the surrounding area from flooding. The City of Tempe estimated that 2.7 million people visited the lake in 2013.^[22] Papago and South Mountain Parks offer hiking, mountain and road biking, rock climbing, frisbee golf, and equestrian activities. Tempe is also home to the annual Ironman Triathlon, which takes place in late November.

Government[edit]

Mayor: Mark Mitchell
Vice Mayor: Robin Arredondo-Savage
City Manager: Andrew Ching
Chief of Police: Sylvia Moir
Fire Chief: Greg Ruiz

City Attorney: Judith R. Baumann (Interim City Attorney)
City Council Members: Kolby Granville, Joel Navarro, Lauren Kuby, David Schapira, and Randy Keating.

The city has had 31 mayors since 1894.

1894–1896: Fenn J. Hart
1896–1897: E.A. Murphy
1897–1902: John Knight
1902–1903: Samuel Brown
1903–1912: J.A. Dins
1912–1914: Joseph T. Birchett
1914–1916: George M. Frizzell
1916–1920: J.A. Dins
1920–1922: C.M. Woodward

Phoenix

Info from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona

Phoenix (/?fi?n?ks/) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arizona. With 1,626,078 people (as of 2017), Phoenix is the fifth most populous city nationwide, the most populous state capital in the United States, and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents.^[5]^[6]

Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is a part of the Salt River Valley. The metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017.^[7] In addition, Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County, and at 517.9 square miles (1,341 km²), it is the largest city in the state, more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States.^[8]

Settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers, Phoenix incorporated as a city in 1881. It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889.^[9] Located in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a hot desert climate.^[10]^[11] Despite this, its canal system led to a thriving farming community with many of the original crops, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus, and hay, remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades.^[12]^[13] Cotton, cattle, citrus, climate, and copper were known locally as the "Five C's" of Phoenix's economy. These industries remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II, when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix's hot summers more bearable.^[14]

The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s.^[15] This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly.^[16] Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state.^[17]

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Phoenix (/?fi?n?ks/) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arizona. With 1,626,078 people (as of 2017), Phoenix is the fifth most populous city nationwide, the most populous state capital in the United States, and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents.^[5]^[6]

Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is a part of the Salt River Valley. The metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017.^[7] In addition, Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County, and at 517.9 square miles (1,341 km²), it is the largest city in the state, more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States.^[8]

Settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers, Phoenix incorporated as a city in 1881. It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889.^[9] Located in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a hot desert climate.^[10]^[11] Despite this, its canal system led to a thriving farming community with many of the original crops, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus, and hay, remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades.^[12]^[13] Cotton, cattle, citrus, climate, and copper were known locally as the "Five C's" of Phoenix's economy. These industries remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II, when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix's hot summers more bearable.^[14]

The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s.^[15] This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly.^[16] Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state.^[17]

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Map portraying ancestral Hohokam lands circa 1350

Map of Hohokam lands ca. 1350

For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix.^[18]^[19] The Hohokam created roughly 135 miles (217 kilometers) of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later become used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal, and the Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct. The Hohokam also carried out extensive trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua, as well as with the more distant Mesoamerican civilizations.^[20] It is believed that between AD 1300 and AD 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilization's abandonment of the area.^[21]

After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel O'odham (commonly known as Pima), Tohono O'odham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache.^[22] The O'odham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam.^[23]^[24]^[25]

The Akimel O'odham were the major Native American group in the area, and lived in small villages, with well-defined irrigation systems, which spread over the entire Gila River Valley, from Florence in the east to the Estrellas in the west. Their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did band together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes.^[26] The Maricopa are part of the larger Yuma people; however, they migrated east from the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers in the early 1800s, when they began to be enemies with their Yuma brethren, settling amongst the existing communities of the Akimel O'odham.^[27]^[28]^[22]

The Tohono O'odham lived in the region as well, but their main concentration was to the south, and stretched all the way to the Mexican border.^[29] Living in small settlements, the O'odham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains, rather than the large-scale irrigation of the Akimel. They grew crops such as sweet corn, tapery beans, squash, lentils, sugar cane, and melons, as well as taking advantage of native plants, such as saguaro fruits, cholla buds, mesquite tree beans, and mesquite candy (sap from the mesquite tree). They also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javelina for meat.^[30]^[31]

When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States and residents of that region became U.S. citizens. The Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory.^[32] In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, to the northwest of modern Phoenix. At the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated: the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg.

The U.S. Army created Fort McDowell on the Verde River in 1865 to forestall Native American uprisings.^[33] The fort established a camp on the south side of the Salt River by 1866, which was the first non-native settlement in the valley after the decline of the Hohokam. In later years, other nearby settlements would form and merge to become the city of Tempe,^[34] but this community was incorporated after Phoenix.

Founding and incorporation[edit]

The Phillip Darrell Duppa adobe house was built in 1870 and is the oldest known house in Phoenix. The homestead is named after "Lord" Darrell Duppa, an Englishman who is credited with naming Phoenix and Tempe as well as founding the town of New River.

The history of the city of Phoenix begins with Jack Swilling, a Confederate veteran of the Civil War. In 1867, while traveling through the Salt River Valley, he saw a potential for farming, much like the military had already cultivated further east, near Fort McDowell. He formed a small community that same year about four miles (six km) east of the present city. Lord Darrell Duppa, one of the original settlers in Swilling's party, suggested the name "Phoenix", as it described a city born from the ruins of a former civilization.^[18]

The Board of Supervisors in Yavapai County, which at the time encompassed Phoenix, officially recognized the new town on May 4, 1868, and the first post office was established the following month, with Swilling as the postmaster.^[18] On February 12, 1871, the territorial legislature created Maricopa County, the sixth one formed in the Arizona Territory, by dividing Yavapai County. The first election for county office was held in 1871, when Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff, running unopposed when the other two candidates, John A. Chenowth and Jim Favorite, fought a duel wherein Chenowth killed Favorite, and then was forced to withdraw from the race.^[18]

The town grew during the 1870s, and President Ulysses S. Grant issued a land patent for the present site of Phoenix on April 10, 1874. By 1875, the town had a telegraph office, sixteen saloons, and four dance halls, but the "townsite-commissioner form of government" needed an overhaul, so that year an election was held in which three village trustees, as well as several other officials, were elected.^[18] By 1880, the town's population stood at 2,453.^[35]

Aerial lithograph of Phoenix from 1885

By 1881, Phoenix's continued growth made the existing village structure with a board of trustees obsolete. The Territorial Legislature passed "The Phoenix Charter Bill", incorporating Phoenix and providing for a mayor-council government, which became official on February 25, 1881 when it was signed by Governor John C. Fremont, officially incorporating Phoenix as a city with an approximate population of 2,500.^[18]

In the 1880s, the arrival of the railroad in the Valley was the first of several key events that altered the economy of Phoenix. Phoenix became a trade center, with its products reaching eastern and western markets. In response, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was organized on November 4, 1888.^[36] Earlier in 1888 the city offices were moved into the new City Hall, at Washington and Central.^[18] When the territorial capital was moved from Prescott to Phoenix in 1889, the temporary territorial offices were also located in City Hall.^[37] With the arrival of the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railroad in 1895, Phoenix was connected to Prescott, Flagstaff and other communities in the northern part of the territory. The increased access to commerce expedited the city's economic rise. The year 1895 also saw the establishment of Phoenix Union High School, with an enrollment of 90.^[18]

1900 to World War II[edit]

Central Avenue, Phoenix, 1908

On February 25, 1901, Governor Oakes Murphy dedicated the permanent Capitol building,^[18] and the Carnegie Free Library opened seven years later, on February 18, 1908, dedicated by Benjamin Fowler.^[38] The National Reclamation Act was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902, which allowed for dams to be built on waterways in the west for reclamation purposes.^[39] The first dam constructed under the act, Salt River Dam#1, began in 1903. It supplied both water and electricity, becoming the first multi-purpose dam, and Roosevelt himself attended the official dedication on May 18, 1911. At the time, it was the largest masonry dam in the world, forming a lake in the mountain east of Phoenix.^[40] The dam would be renamed after Teddy Roosevelt in 1917,^[41] and the lake would follow suit in 1959.^[42]

The former city flag of Phoenix, adopted in November 1921

On February 14, 1912, Phoenix became a state capital, as Arizona was admitted to the Union as the 48th state under President William Howard Taft.^[43] This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed a joint congressional resolution granting statehood to Arizona, due to his disapproval of the state constitution's position regarding the recall of judges.^[44] In 1913, Phoenix adopted a new form of government, changing from a mayor-council system to council-manager, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix's growth started to accelerate, and eight years later, its population had reached 29,053. In 1920, Phoenix would see its first skyscraper, the Heard Building.^[18] In 1929, Sky Harbor was officially opened, at the time owned by Scenic Airways. It would later be purchased in 1935 by the city, which operates it to this day.^[45]

Phoenix skyline – ca. 1940

On March 4, 1930, former U.S. President Calvin Coolidge dedicated a dam on the Gila River named in his honor. However, the state had just been through a long drought, and the reservoir which was supposed to be behind the dam was virtually dry. The humorist Will Rogers, who was also on hand as a guest speaker joked, "If that was my lake, I'd mow it."^[46] Phoenix's population had more than doubled during the 1920s, and now stood at 48,118.^[18] It was also during the 1930s that Phoenix and its surrounding area began to be called "The Valley of the Sun", which was an advertising slogan invented to boost tourism.^[47]

During World War II, Phoenix's economy shifted to that of a distribution center, transforming into an "embryonic industrial city" with the mass production of military supplies.^[18]There were three air force fields in the area: Luke Field, Williams Field, and Falcon Field, as well as two large pilot training camps, Thunderbird Field No. 1 in Glendale and Thunderbird Field No. 2 in Scottsdale.^[18]^[48]^[49]

Post-World War II explosive growth[edit]

A town that had just over 65,000 residents in 1940 became America's sixth largest city by 2010, with a population of nearly 1.5 million, and millions more in nearby suburbs. When the war ended, many of the men who had undergone their training in Arizona returned bringing their new families. Learning of this large untapped labor pool enticed many large industries to move their operations to the area.^[18] In 1948 high-tech industry, which would become a staple of the state's economy, arrived in Phoenix when Motorola chose Phoenix for the site of its new research and development center for military electronics. Seeing the same advantages as

Scottsdale

Scottsdale, Arizona

Scottsdale, Arizona
Scottsdale, Arizona
	City
	City of Scottsdale
	Clockwise from top: Downtown Scottsdale waterfront, The Phoenician Golf Club, Scottsdale Spire, McDowell Mountains, Taliesin West
; Seal	; Logo
	Nickname(s): "The West's Most Western Town" (official)
	Location of Scottsdale in Maricopa County, Arizona
	Scottsdale, Arizona Location in the United States
	Coordinates: 33°30′N 111°56′WCoordinates: 33°30′N 111°56′W
Country	United States
State	Arizona
County	Maricopa
Incorporated	1951
Named for	Winfield Scott
Government
• Type	Council-Manager
• Mayor	Jim Lane (R)
Area
• Total	184.41 sq mi (477.63 km2)
• Land	183.94 sq mi (476.41 km2)
• Water	0.47 sq mi (1.22 km2)
Elevation	1,257 ft (380 m)
Population (2010)
• Total	217,385
• Estimate (2016)	246,645
• Rank	US: 92nd
• Density	1,340.88/sq mi (517.72/km2)
Time zone	UTC−7 (MST (no DST))
ZIP codes	85250–85271
Area code(s)	480
FIPS code	04-65000
GNIS ID	11029
Website	www.scottsdaleaz.gov

Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix, Arizona
	State capital of Arizona
	City of Phoenix
	Images, from top, left to right: Papago Park, Saint Mary's Basilica, Chase Tower, Downtown, Arizona Science Center, Rosson House, the light rail, a saguaro cactus, and the McDowell Mountains
; Flag	; Seal
	Nickname(s): "Valley of the Sun", "The Valley"
	Location within Maricopa County
	Phoenix Location within Arizona Show map of ArizonaShow map of the USShow map of North AmericaShow all
	Coordinates: 33°27′N 112°04′WCoordinates: 33°27′N 112°04′W
Country	United States
State	Arizona
County	Maricopa
Settled	1867
Incorporated	February 25, 1881
Government
• Type	Council-Manager
• Body	Phoenix City Council
• Mayor	Thelda Williams
Area
• State Capital	518.90 sq mi (1,343.94 km2)
• Land	517.64 sq mi (1,340.69 km2)
• Water	1.25 sq mi (3.25 km2)
• Metro	14,565.76 sq mi (37,725.1 km2)
Elevation	1,086 ft (331 m)
Population (2010)
• State Capital	1,445,632
• Estimate (2017)	1,626,078
• Rank	US: 5th
• Density	3,119.94/sq mi (1,204.61/km2)
• Urban	3,629,114 (US: 12th)
• Metro	4,737,270 (US: 12th)
• Demonym	Phoenician
Time zone	UTC−7 (MST (no DST))
ZIP codes	85001–85099
Area codes	East: 480; Central: 602; West: 623;
FIPS code	04-55000
GNIS ID(s)	44784, 2411414
Major airport	Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
Interstates
Rapid Transit	Valley Metro Rail
Website	www.phoenix.gov

Tempe, Arizona
Tempe, Arizona
	City
	City of Tempe
	; Flag
	; Flag
	Location of Tempe in Maricopa County, Arizona.
	Tempe, Arizona Location in the United States
	Coordinates: 33°24′46″N 111°56′35″WCoordinates: 33°24′46″N 111°56′35″W
Country	United States
State	Arizona
County	Maricopa
Incorporated	October 15, 1892
Government
• Mayor	Mark Mitchell (D)
Area
• City	40.23 sq mi (104.18 km2)
• Land	39.97 sq mi (103.51 km2)
• Water	0.26 sq mi (0.67 km2)
Elevation	1,140–1,495 ft (347.47 – 455.68 m)
Population (2010)
• City	161,719
• Estimate (2016)	185,038
• Rank	US: 133rd
• Density	4,566.33/sq mi (1,763.08/km2)
• Metro	4,574,531 (US: 12th)
Time zone	UTC−7 (MST (no DST))
ZIP code	85281, 85282, 85283, 85284, 85285, 85287
Area codes	480 and 602
FIPS code	04-73000
Website	www.tempe.gov

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona

Scottsdale (O'odham: Va?ai S-va?on?; Yaqui: Eskatel) is a city in the eastern part of Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, part of the Greater Phoenix Area. Named Scottsdale in 1894 after founder Winfield Scott and incorporated in 1951 with a population of 2,000, the 2015 population of the city is estimated to be 236,839 according to the U.S. Census Bureau.^[5] The New York Times described downtown Scottsdale as "a desert version of Miami's South Beach" and as having "plenty of late night partying and a buzzing hotel scene."^[6] Its slogan is "The West's Most Western Town."^[7]

Scottsdale, 31 miles long and 11.4 miles wide at its widest point, shares boundaries with many other municipalities and entities. On the west, Scottsdale is bordered by Phoenix, Paradise Valley and unincorporated Maricopa County land. Carefree is located along the western boundary, as well as sharing Scottsdale's northern boundary with the Tonto National Forest. To the south Scottsdale is bordered by Tempe. The southern boundary is also occupied by the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, which extends along the eastern boundary, which also borders Fountain Hills, the McDowell Mountain Regional Park and more unincorporated Maricopa County land.^[8]

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hideClimate data for Gilbert, Arizona
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	89 (32)	95 (35)	99 (37)	106 (41)	118 (48)	116 (47)	119 (48)	115 (46)	113 (45)	107 (42)	97 (36)	86 (30)	119 (48)
Average high °F (°C)	67 (19)	71 (22)	77 (25)	85 (29)	94 (34)	104 (40)	106 (41)	104 (40)	99 (37)	89 (32)	75 (24)	67 (19)	87 (30)
Average low °F (°C)	41 (5)	45 (7)	49 (9)	54 (12)	61 (16)	70 (21)	77 (25)	76 (24)	70 (21)	59 (15)	47 (8)	40 (4)	57 (14)
Record low °F (°C)	15 (−9)	19 (−7)	24 (−4)	30 (−1)	37 (3)	43 (6)	54 (12)	51 (11)	40 (4)	30 (−1)	22 (−6)	17 (−8)	15 (−9)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	1.01 (25.7)	1.03 (26.2)	1.19 (30.2)	0.33 (8.4)	0.13 (3.3)	0.04 (1)	0.89 (22.6)	1.14 (29)	0.89 (22.6)	0.81 (20.6)	0.77 (19.6)	0.98 (24.9)	9.21 (234.1)
Source: The Weather Channel ^[7]

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1920	865		—
1930	791		−8.6%
1940	837		5.8%
1950	1,114		33.1%
1960	1,833		64.5%
1970	1,971		7.5%
1980	5,717		190.1%
1990	29,188		410.5%
2000	109,697		275.8%
2010	208,453		90.0%
Est. 2017	242,354	^[3]	16.3%
U.S. Decennial Census^[8]

#	Employer	# of employees
1	Gilbert Public Schools	3,642
2	Banner Health	2,268
3	Mercy Gilbert Medical Center	1,233
4	Town of Gilbert	1,191
5	Fry's Food and Drug	966
6	Go Daddy	950
7	Walmart	791
8	Chandler Unified School District	518
9	B H Drywall	500
10	Dillard's Retail and Distribution	490

Gilbert
Crime rates* (2014)
Violent crimes
Homicide	0
Robbery	17
Aggravated assault	60
Total violent crime	89
Property crimes
Burglary	246
Larceny-theft	1,175
Motor vehicle theft	54
Arson	10
Total property crime	1,475
Notes Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. 2014 population: 235,430 Source*: 2014 FBI UCR Data

hideClimate data for Mesa, Arizona
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	89 (32)	95 (35)	99 (37)	106 (41)	118 (48)	116 (47)	119 (48)	115 (46)	113 (45)	107 (42)	97 (36)	86 (30)	119 (48)
Average high °F (°C)	67 (19)	71 (22)	77 (25)	85 (29)	94 (34)	104 (40)	106 (41)	104 (40)	99 (37)	89 (32)	75 (24)	67 (19)	87 (30)
Average low °F (°C)	41 (5)	45 (7)	49 (9)	54 (12)	61 (16)	70 (21)	77 (25)	76 (24)	70 (21)	59 (15)	47 (8)	40 (4)	57 (14)
Record low °F (°C)	15 (−9)	19 (−7)	24 (−4)	30 (−1)	37 (3)	43 (6)	54 (12)	51 (11)	40 (4)	30 (−1)	22 (−6)	17 (−8)	15 (−9)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	1.01 (25.7)	1.03 (26.2)	1.19 (30.2)	0.33 (8.4)	0.17 (4.3)	0.06 (1.5)	0.89 (22.6)	1.14 (29)	0.89 (22.6)	0.81 (20.6)	0.77 (19.6)	0.98 (24.9)	9.27 (235.6)
Source: The Weather Channel^[19]

#	Employer	# of employees
1	Banner Health System	9,573
2	Mesa Public Schools	8,500
3	Boeing	4,700
4	City of Mesa	3,545
5	Walmart	2,507
6	Gilbert Public Schools	1,300
7	Fry's Food and Drug	1,087
8	Mesa Community College	1,002
9	The Home Depot	963
10	Maricopa County Government	902

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1900	722		—
1910	1,692		134.3%
1920	3,036		79.4%
1930	3,711		22.2%
1940	7,224		94.7%
1950	16,790		132.4%
1960	33,772		101.1%
1970	63,049		86.7%
1980	152,404		141.7%
1990	288,104		89.0%
2000	396,375		37.6%
2010	439,041		10.8%
Est. 2017	496,401	^[3]	13.1%
U.S. Decennial Census^[20]

Jesse Heimann

Neighborhoods

Gilbert

History[edit]

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Religion[edit]

Economy[edit]

Largest employers[edit]

Arts and culture[edit]

Historic properties[edit]

Music and dance[edit]

Government[edit]

Crime[edit]

Education[edit]

Infrastructure[edit]

Transportation[edit]

Notable people[edit]

Sister cities[edit]

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Mesa

Contents

History[edit]

Geography[edit]

Defining east and west Mesa[edit]

Commonly accepted boundaries[edit]

Center Street[edit]

Mesa Drive[edit]

Country Club Drive[edit]

Climate[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Economy[edit]

Top employers[edit]

Cultural attractions[edit]

Historic properties in Mesa[edit]

Contents

History[edit]

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Economy[edit]

Top employers[edit]

Arts and culture[edit]

Performing arts[edit]

Public libraries[edit]

Tourism[edit]

Historic properties[edit]

Sports[edit]

Parks and recreation[edit]

Government[edit]

Phoenix

Contents

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Founding and incorporation[edit]

1900 to World War II[edit]

Post-World War II explosive growth[edit]

Scottsdale

Scottsdale, Arizona